Money - China Currency Historical - Way of Thinking

Money - Chinese Indonesia Way of Thinking - Historical view

Money - Historically

First recorded currency or barter is "kerang laut" or shell or pei dated 1100 BC, size about 3.4 cm during Shang Dinasty , the invention of barter from material "bone and stone" coins then continued. The most often quoted example of primitive money is shells - pei in chinese- The small cowrie shell, deriving from the Maldive Islands in the Indian Ocean, is a treasured item in the civilizations of China and India from very early times. From India these attractive objects are carried along the trade routes to Africa. 

 At the end of the Shang Dynasty, northerners civilization in China found it was hard to find enough shells from the south, so they used other materials like pottery, stone, bone, jade, bronze and gold to make shell-shaped money. The unit is peng, which has evolved to mean "friend". Friend is our fortune indeed! There is no agreement on how many clustered shells a peng include. A cluster of 10 shell makes one peng, the commonly held standard unit.

Shell (bei) is an important character component in Chinese Thinking. Almost all things or acts concerning money have the component of shell or pei, such as fortune, poverty, goods, trade, businessman, tribute, greed, expense, compensation, ransom, expensive (as well as noble), and cheap (as well as humble). People like to call their dear children or pets bao bei, or more sweetly bao bao or bei bei, which literally means treasure, and implies to honey or darling.

   

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Customs gold units

Customs Gold Units (關金圓, pinyin: guānjīnyuán) were issued by the Central Bank of China to facilitate payment of duties on imported goods. Unlike the National Currency which suffered from hyperinflation, the CGUs were pegged to the U.S. Dollar at 1 CGU = US$0.40.

Unfortunately, the peg was removed in 1935 and the bank allowed CGUs to be released for general use. Already awash with excessive paper currency, the CGUs only added to rampant hyperinflation.

1945–1948

After the defeat of Japan in 1945, the Central Bank of China issued a separate currency in the northeast to replace those issued by puppet banks. Termed "東北九省流通券" (pinyin:Dōngběi jiǔ shěng liútōngquàn), it was worth approximately 10 times more than fǎbì circulating elsewhere. It was replaced in 1948 by the Gold Yuan. Northeastern Provinces Yuan was an attempt to isolate certain regions of China from the hyperinflation that plagued the fǎbì currency.

Gold Yuan

The onset of World War II saw a sharp devaluation of the fǎbì currency. This was largely due to unrestrained issuance of the currency to fund the war effort. After the defeat of Japan and the return of the Kuomintang Central Government, a further reform was instituted in August 1948 in response to hyperinflation. The Gold Yuan Certificate replaced the fǎbì at the rate of 1 Gold Yuan = 3 million Yuan fǎbì = US$0.25. The Gold Yuan was nominally set at 0.22217g of gold. However, the currency was never actually backed by gold and hyperinflation continued. Currently 19 June 2015, 1 Yuan = US$ 0.16

 

Paper money in China: 10th - 15th century
Paper money is first experimented with in China in about 910, during the Five Dynasties period. It is a familiar currency by the end of the century under the Song dynasty. Another three centuries later it is one of the things about China which most astonishes Marco Polo  

Chinese Invention of paper money

Paper fabrication during the Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD)

During the Tang Dynasty (618-907) there was a growing need of metallic currency, but thanks to the familiarity with the idea of credit the Chinese were ready to accept pieces of paper or paper drafts. This practice is derived from the credit notes used by merchants for their long-distance trade.

Due to this lack of coins, also the dead had to change their habits of taking a coin with them to pay their passage to the other world. About the 6th century notes replaced coins as burial money. May we consider this as a real means of payment? Of course not, but it is remarkable that also here paper replaces very smoothly the copper coins that were used before.

At the end of the Tang period, traders deposited their values with their corporations. In exchange, they received bearer notes or the so-called hequan. Those hequan were a real success and the idea was exploited by the Authorities. Merchants were invited to deposit henceforth their metallic money in the Government Treasury in exchange for official “compensation notes”, called Fey-thsian or flying money.

During the Song Dynasty (960-1276) booming business in the region of Tchetchuan likewise resulted in a shortage of copper money. Some merchants issued private drafts covered by a monetary reserve which initially consisted of coins and salt, later of gold and silver. Those notes are considered to be the first to circulate as legal tender. In 1024 the Authorities confer themselves the issuing monopoly and under Mongol government, during the Yuan Dynasty (1279-1367), paper money becomes the only legal tender. During the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) the issuing of notes is conferred to the Ministry of Finance.

On Sale Currency notes for Sale 

1000 Pieces of 1 Jiao Chinese Banknotes

$1,000 (50%), Bundles with 100 Banknotes

Original Bank Packaging, Guaranteed Authentic

 Chinese way of thinking about money 

Xun Zi: Philosophy quotes Who doesn’t apply himself to business, won’t achieve much success "flow of money"

First Ever Bilionare Are Willing to Run for President and Bilionare Make American Great Again

Donald Trump Running for President 2016 VIDEO "I'm Really Rich" | Donald Trump for President                                                   

  

Who better to give advice to aspiring leaders than Donald Trump, America’s best-known entrepreneur now is running for Ever Bilionare candidate for President? 
The aim is to make American Great again? 

  From REAGAN to TRUMP: 

Bilionare Make American Great Again

Trump’s most basic strategies, principles, and thoughts are abridged here for the perfect pocket-sized gift for a budding leader or boss.Donald Trump shares his thoughts on life, personal and professional, in essays that reveal his winning strategies and lofty goals. With a foreword by Robert Kiyosaki, author of Rich Dad Poor Dad, Trump covers “Learn to Think on Your Feet,” “Keep it Short, Fast, and Direct,” “There are Times When You Should Move On,” and “How to Get Rich.” This is an abridgment of the Vanguard hardcover, published in April 2009.


In this title, two entrepreneurial Icons share experiences and insights into creating and building successful businesses. What makes some business owners wildly successful? What separates the entrepreneurs who build businesses from ones who just seem to create more work for themselves? How, exactly do the world's most prominent business builders seem to hit home run after home run? The answer: They have the Midas Touch. Donald Trump and Robert Kiyosaki believe the world needs more entrepreneurs. For the first time, two of the world's most successful and influential entrepreneurs will share their own Midas Touch secrets. Secrets that will both inspire you to find and fulfill your passion as well as provide you with the hands-on guidance you need to be successful. Through their real life stories of success, failure, perseverance and purpose, you'll discover how they do it and whether or not you have what it takes to drive your own entrepreneurial success.

China Dream - When China Rules the World, Is it benefited the World?

中国梦 (Chinese Dream)
Book party for "The China Dream

5 Category  Chinese Dream

1. National: Great Rejuvenation  of  Chinese nation, modern wealth society by 2020 and complete modernization by 2050

2.Personal: Wealth being of Chinese people, Material and necessity of life, and psychology life wealth fulfilled 

3. Historical: Culture and Civilization and change Chinese dream over time , need for stability and sovereignty

4. Global: benefit  the world  gets by china developed and multiple effect entire world can benefit of higher living of china ,  standard of concern the world of Chinese dream

5. Antithetical : Tension and contradiction inside Chinese dream, 
economic development vs social in balance, pollution  and corruption.

Rejuvenate China benefit the entire world

  

Kuhn - 5 Categories of The Chinese Dream

Martin Jacques interviewed on the Chinese Dream — Dialogue (CCTV News)

China Dream: Great Power Thinking and Strategic Power Posture in the Post-American Era examines the inherent conflict in U.S. China relations and the coming "duel of the century" for economic, military, and cultural dominance in the world. Written by a veteran Chinese military specialist, and scholar, it defines a national "grand goal" to restore China to its historical glory, and take the Unites States' place as world leader. First published in Beijing in 2010, The China Dream provoked international debate with its controversial vision of a world led by China. Now available in English, this is the definitive book for understanding the “hawk” version of China’s national destiny debate and is essential for understanding China’s strategic goals in the 21st century.

After celebrating their country's three decades of fantastic economic success, many Chinese are now asking, "What comes next?" How can China convert its growing economic power into political and cultural influence around the globe? 
-----------------------------------
William A. Callahan's China Dreams gives voice to China's many different futures by exploring the grand aspirations and deep anxieties of a broad group of public intellectuals. Stepping outside the narrow politics of officials vs. dissidents, Callahan examines what a third group--"citizen intellectuals"--think about China's future. China Dreams eavesdrops on fascinating conversations between officials, scholars, soldiers, bloggers, novelists, film-makers and artists to see how they describe China's different political, strategic, economic, social and cultural futures. Callahan also examines how the PRC's new generation of twenty- and thirty-somethings is creatively questioning "The China Model" of economic development. The personal stories of these citizen intellectuals illustrate China's zeitgeist and a complicated mix of hopes and fears about "The Chinese Century," providing a clearer sense of how the PRC's dramatic economic and cultural transitions will affect the rest of the world. 

China Dreams explores the transnational connections between American and Chinese people, providing a new approach to Sino-American relations. While many assume that 21st century global politics will be a battle of Confucian China vs. the democratic west, Callahan weaves Chinese and American ideals together to describe a new "Chimerican dream."

China Dreams: 20 Visions of the Future by Author Callahan
 中国梦之声

China has invested in legal Maritime Law - Maritime Land Reclaimation

According to Dr. Sun Yen during Woodrow Wilson Center  Forum recently : "China has invested in legal Maritime Law" 
                                                                      
            The Philippines,  Vietnam, and Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea. 

As Beijing continues to trumpet its “New Type of Great Power Relationship” with the United States, and the United States attempts to buttress its “Re- balance to Asia”, Asia-Pacific nations keep a close eye on relations between the two giants.

New questions about China’s intentions and America’s commitments in the region seem to arise every week of late. Tensions are flaring over the Philippines’ arrest of Chinese poachers in its exclusive economic zone, over Chinese reconstruction of a reef in the Spratley Islands, and over Chinese drilling near the disputed Paracel Islands and the protests that ensued in Hanoi. Dr. Aileen Baviera of the University of the Philippines and Dr. Hoang Anh Tuan of the Institute for Foreign Policy and Strategic Studies of the Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam discussed their respective countries’ interests in the region and their perspectives on Sino-U.S. cooperation and competition in Asia-Pacific. 

This event was part of the Wilson Center’s Weighing the Re-balance Series, a joint effort of the Asia Program and the Kissinger Institute on China and the United States. This three-year series brings regional experts to Washington to analyze Chinese and American roles in Asia-Pacific from the viewpoints of countries affected by Sino-U.S. competition and cooperation. The Series will conclude with a multilateral conference and publication of policy-briefs for policymakers in Washington and Beijing.

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This report from the Center for the Study of Chinese Military Affairs of the Institute for National Strategic Studies provides a thorough discussion of the use of the Chinese military in past and future confrontations, including historic information about previous signals of military intention and possible future military threats regarding disputed islands. Contents: The Record: Beijing's Use of Military Force * China's Crisis Decision making Process and Crisis Management * Signaling the Intent to Employ Military Force— China's Warnings Calculus * Signaling Case Studies—Taiwan * Analyzing Beijing's Signals—Things to Consider * Conclusion—A Hypothetical South China Sea Signaling Scenario * Appendix 1. Chronology of the 1978-1979 Sino-Vietnamese Border Crisis * Appendix 2. Chronology of the 1961-1962 Sino-Indian Border Crisis * Appendix 3. PRC Signaling Over Taiwan: 1991, 1995, 1999, 2003-2004 

Since its founding in 1949, the People's Republic of China (PRC) has employed military force in defense of China's security and territorial integrity. In many such instances, Beijing implemented a calculus of threat and retaliation signals intended first to deter an adversary from taking actions contrary to Chinese interests by threatening the use of military force and, if deterrence failed, to explain and justify Beijing's resort to military force. 

This deterrence calculus was applied in each of the major instances in which Beijing has resorted to military force—in Korea in 1950, in the Sino-Indian border dispute in 1961-1962, in the Sino-Soviet border dispute in 1968-1969, and in China's attack on northern Vietnam in 1979. It was also applied in instances in which Beijing's effort at deterrence apparently succeeded and China ultimately stopped short of using military force. Examples include China's responses to the intensifying American combat effort in Vietnam in 1965-1968 and to the 1991 debates in Taipei about delimiting the Republic of China's sovereignty claims. 

Beijing implements this deterrence calculus by a carefully calibrated hierarchy of official protests, authoritative press comment, and leadership statements. If the crisis persists and Beijing perceives its interests are not satisfactorily taken into account, its statements escalate in level and may include at first implicit and thereafter increasingly explicit warnings that it may use military force to achieve its goals. This approach has been employed consistently despite the sweeping changes in the PRC's place in the international order, the proliferation of foreign policy instruments at its disposal, the more complex crisis decision making process and domestic political environment, and the dramatic evolution in the Chinese media over the decades. The question for U.S. policymakers is whether improving military capabilities will lead Beijing to substitute sudden or surprise attack for the politically calibrated deterrence signaling it has employed prior to its past use of force. This study assesses the problem in four ways. 

In addition to the China paper, this unique collection of American military documents provides a special view of recent Chinese military and policy developments. Contents: China Shaping the Operational Environment - A Disciple on the Path of Deception and Influence * The "People" in the PLA: Recruitment, Training, and Education in China's 80-Year-Old Military * China's Maritime Quest * The PLA At Home and Abroad: Assessing The Operational Capabilities of China's Military * Arms Sales To Taiwan: Enjoy The Business While It Lasts * China's Role In The Stabilization Of Afghanistan * The Coming of Chinese Hawks * Turkey and China: Unlikely Strategic Partners. This ebook also includes the annual U.S. intelligence community worldwide threat assessment in Congressional testimony by Director of National Intelligence James R. Clapper Jr.

 

Australia and the Bomber

South China Sea dispute: 

B-1 bombers sent Down Under to ensure ‘freedom of navigation’ - TomoNews

US and Australian bomb prepares for war on South China Sea

Australian bombs hit Islamic State targets in Iraq with two Super Hornets in October 2014

On a mission ...

 A Super Hornet fighter jet has carried out Australia's first bombing raid in Iraq, 

targeting a "facility" of the Islamist State group 

 Two tallies book untold history of Australia as bomber State

A.

Right up until 1973, Australia made serious efforts to acquire nuclear weapon and the bomb, but it gave up these attempts once the Asia-Pacific became more stable. We are once again at a critical juncture in the Asia-Pacific, with major powers once again jockeying for power. Nuclear strategy, extended deterrence, and proliferation have risen to the top of the policy agenda in the region, generating sharp debate even in Australia. The historical origins of the Asian nuclear landscape have profound consequences for contemporary policy regarding the causes and consequences of US extended deterrence and proliferation by allies. Based on new archival material from the Australian National Archives and interviews with former and current senior defense officials.

B

This provocative historical work provides a voice for the forgotten victims of the British atomic bomb tests conducted in Australia during the 1950s. Raising disturbing questions about the authorities who conducted the tests, this investigative work reveals how successive British and Australian governments have denied their understanding of the dangers of ionizing radiation in the 1950s. Uncovering scenarios in which government scientists employed to monitor the tests were given protective clothing, while military personnel and workers were left unprotected and exposed to a simulated theatre of atomic war, this work places Australia's forgotten atomic tragedy into a global context.

A New Security Strategy for America

A New Security Strategy for America

Putin's nukes, the Rise of the Islamic State, Afghan tumult, and Repairing the NSA's reputation, Interviewed to Dr. Ashton Carter

William J. Perry and Dr. Ashton B. Carter, two of the world's foremost defense authorities, draw on their experience as leaders of the U.S. Defense Department to propose a new American security strategy for the twenty-first century.

After a century in which aggression had to be defeated in two world wars and then deterred through a prolonged cold war, the authors argue for a strategy centered on prevention. Now that the cold war is over, it is necessary to rethink the risks to U.S. security. 

1. The A list--threats to U.S. survival--is empty today. 

2. The B list--the two major regional contingencies in the Persian Gulf and on the Korean peninsula that dominate Pentagon planning and budgeting--pose imminent threats to U.S. interests but not to survival. 

3. The C list--such headline-grabbing places as Kosovo, Bosnia, Somalia, Rwanda, and Haiti--includes important contingencies that indirectly affect U.S. security but do not directly threaten U.S. interests. Thus the United States is enjoying a period of unprecedented peace and influence; but foreign policy and defense leaders cannot afford to be complacent. 

The authors' preventive defense strategy concentrates on the dangers that, if mismanaged, have the potential to grow into true A-list threats to U.S. survival in the next century. 
These include Weimar Russia: failure to establish a self-respecting place for the new Russia in the post-cold war world, allowing it to descend into chaos, isolation, and aggression as Germany did after World War I; Loose Nukes: failure to reduce and secure the deadly legacy of the cold war--nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons in Russia and the rest of the former Soviet Union; 

Former Intelligence Analyst

Felony charges of leaking classified information

A Rising China Turned Hostile: failure to shape China's rise to Asian superpower status so that it emerges as a partner rather than an adversary; 

Proliferation: spread of weapons of mass destruction; and Catastrophic Terrorism: increase in the scope and intensity of transnational terrorism.They also argue for better management of the defense establishment so the United States will retain a strong military prepared to cope with all contingencies, deter aggressors, and win a conflict if deterrence fails

.

Can Asian Thinks? Is AIIB, United States opposing it?

United States  is unwise in undermining a new global AIIB financial institution, American action is undermining for ignoring global player then can be replicated by China in the future.
here are more than 250 Thousand students from china studying in United States? so that the book of Can Asian Think?

According to Dr. Mahbubani to  ask a very simple question :
Would The United State (pundits and elites of United States) feel comfortable living in the world, where China behave as United State did (initiate of multilateral financial global) as a Soul Super Power?

 United States as wise speech of Bill Clinton quotes:

"If you believe that  maintaining power and control and absolute freedom of movement and sovereignty is important to your country future, there is nothing  inconsistent in  them, the United States is the biggest and most powerful country in the world now, we have got the Jew and we are going to used it. But if you believe that we should be trying to create a world with rules and partnerships and habits of behavior that we would like to  live in when are no longer the military, political and economic superpower in the world  and then  you would not do that"

As long american think:  to be  number one Yes the we are are undermining the multilateral institutions but  if we can conceive a world as we were number two, surely it is american's interests to strengthen multilateral rules and processes.

Review from Dr. Mahbubani prior purchasing a book Can Asian Think NOW 
Dr. Kishore is the most famous influentially pubic intellectual. 
Second Incarnation of Dean of LKY Public Policy. 
His able Leadership, Kishore is the school is financially Rich.

The book of :  

Can Asian Thinks On Sales?  

Is Western Civilization universal? Does the West promote human rights for altruiative collection of essays entitled "Can Asians Think?" Now, in the third edition of this work, Mr Mahbubani includes two new essays which discuss the changing role and importance of the United Nations. As the Singapore Ambassador to the United Nations, Mr Mahbubani has a unique understanding of the inner workings of this organization. For two years he sat on the UN Security Council. In his new essay, "Power Without Responsibility, Responsibility Without Power?" Mr Mahbubani discusses the importance of the security council and the relationship between the permanent 5 and elected 10 members. In his second new essay, "The United Nations and the United States: An Indispensable Partnership", Mr Mahbubani addresses the fragile US-UN relationship that often made headlines over the past years. With his straightforward style and unique perspective, Mr Mahbubani's book is still as relevant today as it was in 1998. The new material provides a fresh look at the ever-changing role of the United Nations

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Exceptional Nation is deviation of normal,
As historians said history remove Exceptional state to normal state.

Can Nation of Singapore Survive?
As tension of war south East Asia, land reclamation dispute in South China Sea.
75 of Singaporean is Chinese and Singapore is closed tied military defense with

1. Invest in Collection of Talent of Human Capital.
2.Balkan of Asia is Singapore.
3. Central of Gravity of World History is predicted moving East Asia Like London of thh capital  European Centurylike New York as the capital of American century and Singapore is the capital of Asian Century

                                                             

China's Second Continent - Africa

China's Second Continent - Africa

Kenapa di Benua Afrika tidak ada china town sementara di benua barat, orang tionghoa diklasifikasikan dengan aturan tinggal di china town - seperti terjadi di Indonesia pada masa zaman belanda?

Imigran dari china yang berjumlah 2% dari kontraktor yang membangun infrastuktur jalan dan kereta api dengan partnership negara negara afrika. Dengan kontribusi saling menguntungkan infrastruktur china kepada afrika telah membawa kepercayaan bahwa afrika adalah tempat membangun ekonomi dimana elite barat tidak menginginkan afrika menjadi ekonomi middle miracle. Penulis amerika keturunan afrika ini membuka wawasan dan impian immigrant ke afrika dimana kemakmuran di Afrika dibangun sebelum Afrika mendapatkan kemerdekaan dan dipercaya oleh china sejak itu. Kemakmuran bersama ini adalah dasar kepercayaan yang telah terbentuk dan akan dibentuk untuk jutaan manusia di Afrika. Dari Liberia ke Senegal ke Mozambique. 

Membangun infrastruiktur and kesempatan mencapai kemakmuran bersama tanpa membendakan manusia afrika dari aturan hukum telah membawa China menjadi pemain infrastruktur international untuk kehidupan lebih modern di Afrika di mana di mata Amerika, Hillary Clinton, Afrika adalah penyakit seperti ebola yang tak boleh didekati harus disembuhkan, tidak ada kesempatan membangun kemakmuran bersama antara orang putih dan orang hitam. Kepercayaan ini tertuang dalam hubungan Sino-African.

Howard telah mengamati 17 negara di afrika tidak memiliki china town dan china tidak men-diskredit secara politik negara negara afrika akan tetapi pemerintah china telah mengajak afrika kerja sama sejak awal Konferensi Asia Afrika. 

Buku dari Howard French China second continent - Africa

Review of China's Second Continent

Buku Howard French : Continent for the Taking: The Tragedy and Hope of Africa 

Seek Knowledge as far as China