Berapa botolkah air susu diberikan ke bayi masa baru lahir?

Berapa botol ukuran ml kah air-susu diberikan ke bayi masa baru lahir? 
by matias azali – iklanads 

Sebagai orang tua belum pengalaman , pertama, bayi dipulangkan ke rumah Sungguh   bergantung kepada orang tua yang bisa menjaga tugas ini seperti hal yang baru dan cemas. Akan tetapi bayi baru lahir tidak secemas yang anda pikirkan. Orang tua haruslah memperhatikan dan belajar menyimak kebutuhan infan sembari memperhatikan keadaannya. Biarkan insting sepanjang mengendongnya, dan biarkan keadaan menikmati kehadiratnya dalam awal awal bulan kehadirannya. Bila anda tidak ingat kebutuhan bayi baru lahir. Hal hal dibawah ini bisa menjadi saran mengingatkan berapa sering memberikan sebotol susu.

Pertama , bulan bulan awal bayi baru lahir 

Dalam masa ini, bayi , perlu susu asiatau susu yang dengan unsure zat besi formula untuk semua kebutuhan nutrisinya. Bayi biasanya memberikan kode kapan si bayi manis butuh disusui. Umumnya, anda dapat memberikan sebotol sus setiap pasangan jam setiap hitungannya selama sehari. Di malam hari, menyusui bayi saat si manis bergerak atau menagis. Atau bila tidak nyaman dengan cara ini, anda dapat memberikan setiap dua jam sekali. Saat si bayi melepaskan putting anda atau saat menekan geram bagian tubuhnya. Dalam beberapa hari anda sudah biasa dengan kebiasaan menyesuinya. Bayi baru lahir memiliki lambung yang kecil dan memberikan botol susu yang lebih sering dari bayi lebih besar umurnya. Bayi baru lahir harus disusui botol delapan sampai 12 kali setiap hari.

Tanda bayi lapar
Kiat yang sering ditandai dari kebiasaan anda memberikan botol susu. Bayi biasanya memberikan tanda tanda bila mau makan. Tanda tanda adalah gerakan jejari tangan mengengkeram, tanda rooting reflex dimana mulutnya mencari mengarah ke obyek yang dicarinya dengan bibirnya. Refelks mencari ( rooting reflex ) Akan terjadi peningkatan kekuatan otot ( tonus ) pada lengan dan tungkai sisi ketika bayi Anda menoleh ke salah satu sisi. Refleks mencari ( rooting reflex ) Rooting reflex terjadi ketika pipi bayi diusap ( dibelai ) atau di sentuh bagian pinggir mulutnya. Sebagai respons, bayi itu memalingkan kepalanya ke arah benda yang menyentuhnya, dalam upaya menemukan sesuatu yang dapat dihisap. Refleks menghisap dan mencari menghilang setelah bayi berusia sekitar 3 hingga 4 bulan.Refleks digantikan dengan makan secara sukarela. Refleks menghisap dan mencari adalah upaya untuk mempertahankan hidup bagi bayi mamalia atau binatang menyusui yang baru lahir, karena dengan begitu dia begitu dia dapat menentukan susu ibu untuk meperoleh makanan. Perubahan Menyusui Saat pertama bayi di rumah dari hospital, biasanya mengkonsumsi 44 ml dan 89 ml air susu setiap pasangan jam. Pada umur 2 bulan, perlu 178 ml atau 148 ml. setiap 3 jam sampai 4 jam. Saat saat masa tertentu perlu air susu lebih dari waktu lain. Saat saat ini biasanya pertumbuhan gerakan, pada umur 7 sampai 14 hari dan umur 3 minggu dan 6 minggu

Cukup kah Nutrisi bayi?
Anda akan lebih mengerti saat bayi dapat cukup air susu dengan mengamati gerakan tertentu. Bila bayi buka dan tutup mulut dan bibirnya setelah menyusui makan masih lapar dan perlu botol lagi. Bayi kencing dan basah sedikitnya 6 kali sehari dan tiga sampai 4 kali gerakan beol tiap harinyaSebagai rumusan- menyusui bayi. Setiap bulan untuk beberapa bulan pertama dari kehidupan bayi. Seharunya bertambah 0.68 kg samap 0.91 kg dan panjang 2.54 cm sampai 3.81 cm Bimbingan Umumnya Menyusui adalah bayi sehari seharusnya menyusui antar 415 ml sampai 916 ml sehari Dan setiap setelah menyusui, bayi seharusnya puas untuk 2 atau tiga jam. Bila masih lapar dengan tanda tanda diatas maka bayinya belum mendapatkan cukup air susu dalam bimbingan diatas. Tambahakan ml air susus bila masih melihat tanda tanda lapar diatas.

Supir Taxi ..... Kemana indahnya mencari nafkah yang santun di zamanmu "doeloe"

"Tugas pemerintah adalah meng-administrasi keadilan sosial, pernyataan Gubernur Basuki di Beritasatu, Tanya jawab"

Peperangan mencari nafkah sebagai "Tukang Antar" atau Supir taxi semakin menyengat dengan kekosongan dan kebisingan hampa penumpang di kota kota besar seperti Jakarta. Dari semangat mencari nafkah di kota kota dengan etikat uang dan santun

Supir taxi

Pekerja Tukang Antar

Dengan memakai seragam  

 Berkumpul dan membayar biaya ngetem 

Tidur senggang dipinggir jalan. 

Melirik penumpang baru ke kiri dan kanan

 sambil pelan pelan menyetir  

ke lajur lambat kiri jalan.

Mendengar arahan penumpang

dan membuka kuping radio perintah atasan

tuk tiba  sampai tujuan

Duka ngetem dan belum ada setoran  

Dalam medan antrian

Sirik dan  cemburu melihat taxi lain 

Di-isi penumpang

Duka senggolan kendaraan dan  roda dua

Medan macet dan sempretan

 Duka memikir-in 

anak istri belum ada biaya-an

Pekerja tukang antar supir namanya  

Harus santun dan mematuhi lalu lintas.

Mengantar  penumpang dengan selamat sampai tujuan

Setelah ke pol  lalu pulang 

membawa uang hantaran  anak dan istri

Karya: Matias Indrajana Azali

"Ketika aksi orang terkaya memegang peran dan tali kehidupan para supir taxi: Express pengusaha terlihat bermega ria di majalah forbes orang terkaya 47 "

"Sulitnya mencari nafkah supir Taxi, di bandara Kualanamu"

     1. Kehidupan supir bertengkar diantar mereka

2. Korban kekerasan demo

3. Waktu Habis & Ngetem Namun setoran berjalan

SUPIR INDEN  - LAGU KARYA ALM. ABDUL ADJIB

Menggambarkan semangat dan budaya supir mencari nafkah irama keroncong, 

Indah dan santunnya supir di zamannya dengan mencari nafkaha sebagai paruh waktu atau inden.  (album Raja ABdul dan Ratu Keroncong Tarling)

Lagu Supir Inden - Keroncong 

Bila pemimpin Jakarta, tidak bisa mengangkat kumpulan ide dan problema untuk garis besar visi dan misi Jakarta dalam buku buku ini. Maka pemimpin itu belum bisa mengangkat aspirasi warga Jakarta.

Satu musuh utama kesadaran humanis-kritis adalah lupa. Lupa dapat terjadi melalui beragam cara. Orang dapat lupa karena rasa takut atau rasa malu. Orang juga dapat lupa karena dibuat oleh sesamanya. Lupa yang diakibatkan oleh faktor-faktor yang disebut barusan adalah sebentuk penyangkalan atas kenyataan. Maka, dalam situasi semacam itu, mengingat adalah sebentuk aksi subversif. Ingatan para korban kekerasan dan ketidakadilan, misalnya, merupakan ingatan berbahaya bagi rezim yang berkuasa. Akan tetapi, bagi para korban itu sendiri, ingatan yang diterima dan dikisahkan merupakan satu-satunya cara untuk tetap waras alias sadar. Sebuah masyarakat yang menolak untuk memberi ruang bagi ingatan para korban kekerasan dan ketidakadilan, ditakdirkan untuk runtuh, sebab ingatan dan pengisahan adalah dasar terbentuknya masyarakat manusia. Setiap masyarakat manusia disusun berdasarkan narasi tertentu. Setiap narasi memanfaatkan simbol-simbol yang mewakili kenyataan hidup. Maka sebenarnya setiap narasi mendekatkan manusia pada dirinya sendiri dan dunianya. Narasi para korban adalah salah satunya. Membungkam narasi para korban sama saja menyangkal kenyataan. Kesepuluh artikel yang dihimpun dalam buku ini disatukan oleh satu keprihatinan: betapa bangsa kita cenderung melupakan beragam narasi para korban. Apakah karena sifat bangsa kita yang cenderung memaafkan? Tetapi, memaafkan tidak sama dengan melupakan. Memaafkan berarti menciptakan masa depan dari masa lalu, sesuram apa pun masa lalu itu. Masa lalu harus terlebih dulu diterima sebelum dapat dimaafkan. Lupa menciptakan keraguan dan keraguan mencekik harapan. Artikel pembuka menyinggung tema peran militer dalam kehidupan sosial politik Indonesia. Sedikit latar belakang historis dipaparkan di situ. Menyusul artikel tentang tragedi Mei yang tidak kunjung jelas ujung pangkalnya. Peran militer dalam tragedi tersebut tidak dapat disangkal. Tragedi disusul tragedi. Artikel ketiga menelisik keanehan tragedi Cebongan. Satu kesimpulan dapat ditarik, bahwa tragedi terjadi karena polisi yang tidak profesional dan karena itu perlu direformasi. Reformasi lembaga polisi semakin mendesak mengingat wilayah Indonesia telah menjadi salah satu hot spot mafia internasional. Hal itulah yang dipaparkan dalam artikel berikutnya. Relasi antara polisi dan kelompok milisi semacam preman jelas menguntungkan pihak penguasa tetapi merugikan masyarakat umumnya. Kolaborasi kedua dunia itu dibahas dalam artikel kelima. Di tengah ketidakseriusan penguasa dalam menjalankan amanat dari rakyat, masyarakat justru semakin dewasa dalam memilih para pemimpinnya. Hal itu tercermin dalam Pilkada Jakarta. Peran seni dan pendidikan nasional tentu sangat menentukan dalam pendewasaan sikap demokratis masyarakat. Kedua tema itulah yang menutup rangkaian artikel dalam buku kecil ini.

Hargaku adalah Nyawaku - Ahok adalah Seorang Pemimpin Daerah Eksekutif memperjuangkan Nilai Korupsi and AkarNya.

Jika pemimpin tidak bisa memperbaiki dari dalam partainya untuk sebuah nilai publik  Maka pemimpin legislatif tidak bisa mendengar aspirasi, isu dan problema rakyat. 

Jika pemimpin tidak bisa berpikir untuk membantu hal kecil problem minoritas maka pemimpin itu tidak peduli dengan suara rakyat. dan tidak bisa mengatasi problem mayoritas.


  

Basuki Tjahaja Purnama, pemimpin muda yang tangkas bicara. Ahok, begitu ia disapa, terbiasa bicara seterang matahari, blak-blakan, terkadang sedikit norak dan terkesan arogan. Sikapnya yang tegas, galak, dan ceplas-ceplos tak jarang membuat orang lain jengah, terusik, tersinggung, bahkan marah. Demi nilai yang diperjuangkan, tak sungkan Ahok melepas kontroversi. Ahok adalah pejabat dengan tekad kuat melawan korupsi dan apa pun yang bertentanjgan dengan Konstitusi. Ia terkadang kelewat nekat. Tak hanya besar nyali, urat takutnya pun seakan sudah putus. Ia sering berseteru dengan pejabat negara, anggota dewan, petinggi partai, sampai para konglomerat. "Jangan pernah membeli Ahok!" tegasnya, "Harga saya adalah nyawa saya." Demi nilai yang ia junjung tinggi dan melawan korupsi, baginya kematian pun adalah keuntungan.

Terdrama dari video berikut, teman ahok telah mengingatkan sebuah perjuangan "anti-korupsi" masih perlu perlawanan, Kenapa kepepimpinan ahok maju untuk menggapai keadilan sosial - harapan perlawanan meledak ledak tanpa kompromi , jujur apa adanya tanpa topeng menutup muka, tanpa basa basi sebenarnya palsu - harapan bergerak melawan korupsi? 

Ketidakadilan, Korupsi dan Kekerasan di zaman partai demokrat

Korupsi di badan legislatif  dari perorangan anggota sampai kepada institusi legislatifnya

Anggota Kongress teah diinvesitigasi and dibekukan karena kesalahan melakukan ethikal di masa dekade institusi sejarah legislatif. Non harapannya tiap tiap anggot seharusnya menjunjung tinggi nilai jujur.

Mr. Trump is a man of God's Visioner and Doer. Fight Fight as Trump abruptly voice to last blood 4000 court cases; he has gone through nor his attempted Assassination is silent, camouflaging by Mainstream Western Media as fake Assassination. He alerted us on His idea of "Crippled American" to be A Man that make American Great Again

Is Mr. Trump  A Man of Visionary ? 

Is A Man of  Doer by Negotiating Peace Deal to nation of axiom evil by personally negotiating deal with their leader that maker of Peace deal just come quickly instead fighting war of choice ?
 Has He valueing Merit and Current truth Reality?

With the Establishment of Politico Economy of E.U last decade and The Rise China currently  and lastly Reshaping  of bloody Middle East War towards the Dominant nations playing field Hegemonic Nation.   

American Leadership plays an important roles and urgency rules to contrast the leading the Complex Policy World. NATO enlargement and Proxy War in Ukraine, Gaza ongoing Civility War and Warfare Terrorism. More Anti Submarine Warfare in Indopacific have gathered Neocons and it's bridal to voice fight for War increasing military nuclear weapons, hypersonic missiles to point of ganging mind like elite to victory. As the world has many population to suffer and this fight to victory hahad required to kill humanity. Old Biden has gathering to profiteering military industrial weapons that triggering short term spike in Cooperations while suffering ordinary American from hyper inflation price. Moreover, the third world nation, nonalligned countries must pay supply of food-chain, higher cost of  transportation. More many rest of the world must pay for their security and survival for staying in life-style fashion of mind like countries. 

Mr. Trump has criticized Biden War policies, Warfare and War games, More unfair  currency dollar manipulation the rest of the world war to. As Biden is  disfunctioned to fight, dymensia syndrome has disrupted his voice of peace that threatening national stability. U. S. Biden aggregated sharp shot of the employment in military manufacturer within NATO countries. This War  proving declaration of NATO 75 summit 8-9 July, 2024 has spiked sharply stock of critical mineral, Ultrasonic sonobouys device ASW and weapon manufacturing that benefit political elites at stock values fluncuation while promising average america nothing but hugh cost of living . Is it the right truth peace voice Biden Kamala has led to change all american whom are going to live and let live in land of freedom and the home of  bravery?   


Trump would reform the Tax Code for Cooperation and Middle class

Mr. Trump is a loudly spoken  of  with Unfair Trade currently like China, Does He has policy that buy american intelligent voters, 

Will The U.S. Benefit From Trump's Trade Plan if it is at 45% Tariff where He is such a good Negotiator?,

Mr. Trump has not discussed about the Free Trade where American and North Atlantic has protected themselves against other countries workers and environment? Is it important for American Working class Voters?

Can future Policy of Mr. Trump that good negotiator can buy and make negotiation of making policy of help the humanity and working class of the world.

Can Mr. Trump buy the making policy of Concerning of Global Warming, Negotiate the immigrant workers to work for the Wall.

Mr. Trump quoted: It’s time for action. Americans are fed up with politics as usual. And they should be! In this book, I outline my vision to make America great again, including: how to fix our failing economy; how to reform health care so it is more efficient, cost-effective, and doesn’t alienate both doctors and patients; how to rebuild our military and start winning wars—instead of watching our enemies take over—while keeping our promises to our great veterans; how to ensure that our education system offers the resources that allow our students to compete internationally, so tomorrow’s jobseekers have the tools they need to succeed; and how to immediately bring  their goods at home.

Free Trade has killed American Workers  and has slaved Third World Workers because of International Policies Role and Rules. So Are they fair playing field and negotiation of Working Labors of the World.

International Market that North Atlantic Policies of Protectionism has killed the individual conservatives to be creative for "service and fair trades" c counter balance so the influx of macro complex debt national economy that can not be resolved but printing money injection of banking and international banking policies.

 

Free Trade is focused on macro economy and has destroyed organic environment of other countris. From small business Entrepreneurs from doing actions based on his/her competitive advantage. From real environment damage that the world has created because of massive manufacturing output in China

Look at the state of he world right now. It’s a terrible mess, and that’s putting it mildly. There has never been a more dangerous time. The politicians and special interests in Washington, DC, are directly responsible for the mess we are in. So why should we continue listening to them?

It’s time to bring America back to its rightful owners through negotiation skill and art of the dealers.

I’m not going to play the same game politicians have been playing for decades—all talk, no action, while special interests and lobbyists dictate our laws. I am shaking up the establishment on both sides of the political aisle because I can’t be bought. I want to bring America back, to make it great and prosperous again, and to be sure we are respected by our allies and feared by our adversaries.

It’s time for action. Americans are fed up with neocons that driving by mind like politician like NATO, AUKUS and Quad where push tactical nuclear weapons for partnership NATO South Korea, Increasing conflicts for humanity. Many various third world country, global south countries that had noway to choose to fight for sanction and proxy war but they are pressing to choose for security or their regime is going to be toppled by power of mainstream media, public open society, non government agencies that disrupted stability through policy security, Anti Terrorism, Anti Ballistic Missile, Anti Submarine warfare. While NATO industrial manufacturing produced the devices of war weapon while amongst Alligned partnership creating same sounding treaty " an attack to one is an attack to all member ally"  This hegemonic actors  are more solid pyramid scheme for their elites while the rest ordinary people is just like slaves to serve the master like minded doctrinator actors. 

Tian Shin Dim Sum Leadership 吃起来 领导

Dim Sum Leadership 

甜心领导 Tian Shin Lǐngdǎo 

Eating Together Leaderhip 

吃起来 领导 Chī qǐlái Lǐngdǎo  

Why do Great leaders eat together (youtube)?

1. Dialogue Values

The Feast has a number of what it calls ‘guidelines for dialogue’ to help young people explore faith in healthy and appropriate ways. In Lebanon, this is imperative as we ensure all our young participants [and their faith leaders] feel safe and secure. Given some of the recent events around the world involving so called ‘religiously inspired violence’ the following three guidelines seem particularly pertinent:

• [We will] not judge people here by what some people of their faith do.
• [We will] not treat people as a spokesperson for their faith. [We come as individual young people, and not representatives of our religion].
• [I will] speak positively about my own faith, rather than negatively about other people’s. [And, in the Lebanese context we will encourage the same at it relates to political belief].

2. Working in Partnership

   Eating Together to save for the hunger short film

3. Returning to The Taste of Salt…

Mark 9:50 says,

“Salt is good, but if it loses its saltiness, how can you make it salty again? Have salt among yourselves, and be at peace with each other.” [NIV]

As salt flavours all it touches, it is my prayer that The Feast [and more importantly the young people who participate in it] will help flavor their own communities and spheres of influence. Maybe it is Lebanon’s young people who will flavor the relationships between different religious and sectarian groups in Lebanon towards a future where we can see glimpses of hope amongst signs of hatred and conflict.

4. By bread and salt we are united. – Moroccan proverb

Arabic phrase, ‘baynatna khubz wa milah,‘ which translates ‘there is bread and salt between us.’ In Egyptian Arabic, the word used for bread [instead of the more typicalkhubz] is ‘aish,’

5. Ceremony of greeting. in eastern European

 Getting to eat together on small delicous cuisine ? Dim sum? Tapas? Sushi? Meze? Makan Basamo? Camilan Bersama? Potluck supper ?.  Many cultures, it seems, have the same concept: a range of dishes offered in small helpings, each with its individual taste, which taken as a whole make a substantial meal and grand meal.  This book, by a world-renowned business psychologist, offers 80 concise bites of management advice and wisdom. Just like dim sum dishes, each of the 80 chapters are different in content, but ultimately complement each other. Moreover, dim sum is a nourishing meal due to its variety. In the same way, managers need to be exposed to great detail, variety of leadership essentials, e.g. self leadership, temptations, conflict and coaching. Short and crisp, each chapter is written independently to touch the heart, and is arranged in such a way that busy executives can choose to focus on any area that concerns them most. These chapters also serve to refresh the readers and to rekindle their passion, reshape their perspective and retool their competence as leaders and managers. Much wisdom and many gems can be gleaned from this insightful book. The principles and practical tips will galvanize your team to speak the same language, building a community that will grow and learn together

.

Dim Sum Leadership: Your Second Serving continues John Ng's powerful, insight-filled series on leadership. These new, bite-sized chapters are filled with well-researched, thoughtful concepts and analogies, and are sure to excite, enlighten and engage leaders at all levels

 

 you love the idea of Dimsum, a small thought or action can make a leader, Try collecting and do make delicious cuisine like   dim sum on this pocket guide.

Terror and Terrorism by Understanding of His Viewer

Terror 恐怖 Kǒngbù

Terrorism 恐怖主义 Kǒngbù zhǔyi

“Heaven and earth condemn them”—China mourns its first citizen (Fang Jin Wei) killed by ISIL according to CNN source on first Chinese Prisoner for Sale, How china on anti Terorist led by US

During 23rd APEC meeting in Manila, President Xi Jinping condemned hardly extreme crime activities by  terrorist organization as the media amplified Terrorist by slogan : "Prisoner for Sale demanding ransom" This organization is against human civilization. quote in Cri China Radio International

 The Chinese People: Distinguishing Between Terrorism and Terror

In recent years China has experienced an upsurge in suicide attacks involving the sometimes indiscriminate killing of bystanders. They are perpetuated far from China’s restive borders in cities along the country’s eastern seaboard by individuals driven to desperation over their dealings with the country’s arbitrary and often corrupt bureaucratic and legal systems.

A July 27 People’s Daily interview with Wu Boxin, a professor at the Chinese People's Public Security University and renowned criminal psychologist, picks up on the theme of “individual terrorism” (People’s Daily, July 27, 2013). In this interview, Wu distinguished between individual or “lone wolf” terrorism (geren kongbuzhuyi) and what he refers to as “individual suicidal terror crime” (geti zisha kongbu fanzui).

Exploring examples of individual suicidal terror crime, Wu cites two well-known 2013 incidents, a small fraction of the growing overall number. The first involved itinerant worker Chen Shuizong, who set himself on fire in a public bus in the coastal city of Xiamen in June, killing a staggering 47 commuters and injuring 34. The second featured frustrated petitioner Ji Zhongxing, who in July, having been left paralyzed as the alleged result of a bashing by over-zealous security guards in his home province, detonated a homemade bomb in Beijing Airport’s Terminal 3, causing injuries only to himself and a police officer. Among China’s netizens, these attacks have elicited both condemnation and, ironically, unprecedented levels of sympathy.

Wu classes these attacks as “individual suicidal terror crime,” as apposed to “lone wolf terrorism.” According to Wu, the former is non-organized and motivated by personal issues, whereas the latter is part of something organized and often motivated by matters of religion or belief. Following this distinction, the Tian’anmen SUV incident might be classed as “individual terrorism,” given its alleged jihadist links. Accordingly, anything to do with Uighurs or Tibetans could be called “terrorism” while anything else is a “terror crime.” This is a subtle, yet important, definitional distinction that appears to be reflected in reportage by China’s state media broadly.

Self-immolation is often described within Chinese social chatter as a form of terrorism. Among Chinese blog sites there are abundant references to self-immolations and explosives and knife attacks carried out by crazed individuals as “one man’s terror” or “one man’s terrorism” (yigerende kongbu/kongbuzhuyi). However, apart from reportage on foreign incidents, such as the 2011 Norway attacks, the use of the expression in official media in reference to domestic incidents is rare (obscure mentions in reporting on a 2005 Fuzhou bus torching and the Beijing International Airport terminal incident being exceptions).

Official media appears to reserve the label of “terrorism” to self-immolations by individuals where they are seen as politically motivated and connected with an identified dissident/splittist organization, such as the “Dalai clique,” Falun Gong, or Uighur independence groups. A February 18 People's Daily editorial slamming Tibetan self-immolations categorizes such incidents as a type of terrorism due to their political purpose, use of violence and the havoc they wreak. According to Chien-peng Chung, the term “terrorist” is usually reserved for separatist and unofficial religious groups in Xinjiang and Tibet (China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Volume 4, No. 2, 2006). This is the case, writes Chung, because Beijing sees terrorism as a “zealous religiosity on the part of minorities that threaten to displace the state as an object of adulation.”

Terrorism and Terror in China Law

Article 104 of the draft law, “terrorism” means “any thought, speech, or activity that, by means of violence, sabotage, or threat, aims to generate social panic, influence national policy-making, create ethnic hatred, subvert state power, or split the state.”

“terrorist activity” as referred to in the “terrorism” definition. Accordingly, “terrorist activities” include (a) propagating, inciting, or instigating terrorism; or (b) forming, leading or participating in an terrorist organization; or (c) organizing, plotting, or implementing a terrorist action; or (d) supporting, assisting, or facilitating a terrorist organization or individual through the provision of information, funds, material, equipment, technologies or venues; or (e) other terrorist activities.

Article 104 also defines “a terrorist organization” and “a terrorist.” Hence, a terrorist organization refers to a relatively stable criminal group, of at least three members, established for the purpose of carrying out terrorist activities; a terrorist is either a member of a terrorist organization or a person who carries out terrorist activities.

Anti-terrorism provisions can be found in the Criminal Law and in a handful of other national laws such as the State Security Law. For example, article 120 of the Criminal Law addresses the crimes of organizing, leading, and participating in terrorist organizations. (Amendment III to the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China (Order of the President No. 64) (Dec. 29, 2001), Congressional-Executive Commission on China website.)

There was previously no clear and precise definition of terrorist organizations, or of terrorist activities or terrorists, provided in domestic law, and the lack of clear definitions has hampered international cooperation in anti-terrorism efforts. The Decision has been passed to fill this gap. (Id.) In the Decision, terrorist activities are defined to be:

Activities that severely endanger society that have the goal of creating terror in society, endangering public security, or threatening state organs and international organizations and which, by the use of violence, sabotage, intimidation, and other methods, cause or are intended to cause human casualties, great loss to property, damage to public infrastructure, and chaos in the social order, as well as activities that incite, finance, or assist the implementation of the above activities through any other means. (Decision, art. 2.)

Criminal Law as follows:

1. Article 114 is revised to read: "Whoever commits arson, breaches a dike, causes explosion, spreads poisonous or radioactive substances, infectious-disease pathogens or other substances, or uses other dangerous means, thereby endangering public security but causing no serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 3 years but not more than 10 years."

2. The first paragraph of Article 115 is revised to read: "Whoever commits arson, breaches a dike, causes explosion, spreads poisonous or radioactive substances, or infectious-disease pathogens or other substances, or uses other dangerous means, thereby inflicting serious injury or death on people or causing heavy losses of public or private property, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years, life imprisonment or death."

3. The first paragraph of Article 120 is revised to read: "Whoever forms or leads a terrorist organization shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment; persons who actively participate in a terrorist organization shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 3 years but not more than 10 years; other participants shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than 3 years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights."

4. One article is added after Article 120a: "Whoever provides funds to any terrorist organization or individual who engages in terrorism shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights, and shall also be fined; if the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years, and he shall also be fined or his property shall be confiscated.

"Where a unit commits the crime mentioned in the preceding paragraph, it shall be fined, and the persons who are directly in charge and the other persons who are directly responsible for the offence shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph."

5. The second paragraph of Article 125 is revised to read: "Whoever illegally manufactures, trades in, transports or stores poisonous or radioactive substances, infectious disease pathogens or other substances, thereby endangering public security, shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph."

6. Article 127 is revised to read: "Whoever steals or forcibly seizes any guns, ammunition or explosives, or steals or forcibly seizes poisonous or radioactive substances, infectious disease pathogens or other substances, thereby endangering public security, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 3 years but not more than 10 years; if the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years, life imprisonment or death.

"Whoever robs any guns, ammunition or explosives, or robs poisonous or radioactive substances, infectious disease pathogens or other substances, thereby endangering public security, or steals or forcibly seizes any guns, ammunition or explosives from State organs or members of the armed forces, the police or the people's militia, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years, life imprisonment or death."

7. Article 191 is revised to read: "Whoever, while clearly knowing that the funds are proceeds illegally obtained from drug-related crimes or from crimes committed by organizations in the nature of criminal syndicate, crimes of terrorism or crimes of smuggling and gains derived therefrom, commits any of the following acts in order to cover up or conceal the source or nature of the funds shall, in addition to being confiscated of the said proceeds and gains, be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than 5 years or criminal detention and shall also, or shall only, be fined not less than 5 percent but not more than 20 percent of the amount of money laundried; if the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 5 years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined not less than 5 percent but not more than 20 percent of the amount of money laundried: ( 1 ) providing fund accounts; ( 2 ) helping convert the property into cash or any financial negotiable instruments; ( 3 ) helping transfer the funds through transferring accounts or any other form of settlement; ( 4 ) helping remit the funds to any other country; or ( 5 ) covering up or concealing by any other means the source or nature of the illegally obtained proceeds and the gains derived therefrom.

"Where a unit commits any of the crimes mentioned in the preceding paragraph, it shall be fined, and the persons who are directly in charge and the other persons who are directly responsible for the offence shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years or criminal detention; if the circumstances are serious, they shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years."

8. One article is added after Article 291 to be Article 291 a: "Whoever spreads hoaxes of explosive, poisonous or radioactive substances, of infectious-disease pathogens or of other substances, fabricates terrorist information invoking explosive, biochemical, radioactive or other threats, or intentionally disseminates terrorist information while clearly knowing that it is fabricated, thereby seriously disturbing public order, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years, criminal detention or public surveillance; if the consequences are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years."

UN in its Draft Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism, by the EU in its Framework Decision of June 2, 2002 on Combating Terrorism, and by the U.S. State Department in its annual country reports on terrorism to the U.S. Congress.

Terrorism is generally defined by four key elements: violence, target, motivation and organization.The UN definition confines the element to intentional violence that causes (a) death or serious bodily injury to any person; (b) serious damage to public or private property; or (c) damage to property resulting or likely to result in major economic loss. The EU definition provides a long list of the most serious offences against persons or property.